Chinese export porcelain double wall (linglong, little eyes) teapot and cover, Qianlong.

Chinese export porcelain double wall (linglong, little eyes) teapot and cover of octagonal form, with rounded corners, set on four ruyi form feet, decorated in underglaze cobalt blue (qinghua) with four square reticulated panels of geometric designs, the vessel painted with flowerheads on diaper, whorl and cracked-ice pattern grounds, c. 1770, Qianlong reign, Qing dynasty, l. 17cm, 6¾ in; h. 14 cm, 5½ in. 1-20387

◆ When this type of tea wares arrived in Europe, in the late 17th century, they were called “devil’s work” because the Europeans could not understand how it was possible to manufacture such delicate and at same time strong double-bodied pieces. At the time the Europeans didn’t know how to manufacture hard-paste porcelain.

This teapot has four double body sides plus one in the cover. As far as we know, it is one of the very few pieces manufactured during the Qianlong reign with linglong (reticulated or little eyes) walls.

The first examples of pieces with linglong walls dates from the early Kangxi reign. Of difficult and expensive manufacturing cost, their production fizzled out on the turn of 17 to 18th centuries.

Literature:

• Octagonal low bowl with a round open work medallion in each side decorated in under-glaze cobalt blue with a pair of mandarin ducks at the centre swimming in a pond, d. 13 cm, 5 in, dated from the Jiajing reign (1522-1566), at the Frick Collection, New York, bequest of Childs Frick in memory of Francis Dixon Frick, inventory 1965.8.60;

• Globular honeycomb linglong double wall tea pot and cover decorated in under-glaze cobalt blue at the Frick Collection, New York, bequest of Childs Frick in memory of Francis Dixon Frick, inventory 1965.8.65;

• A Catalogue of Blue and White Porcelain Forming the Collection of Sir Henry Thompson, London 1878, plate XVIII, cat. 306 for an octagonal tea bowl with reticulated walls;

• Oriental Ceramic Art, by S.W. Bushell, 1896 New York reprint of 1980, p. 189, fig. 248 for a similar bowl of smaller size and p. 268, fid. 322 for a small bowl in white porcelain;

• Chinese Pottery and Porcelain, by R.L. Hobson, New York and London 1915, plate 78, fig. 2 for a similar bowl from the Hippisley Collection;

• Chinesisches Porzellan, by E. Zimmermann, 1923 Leipzig, plate 84 for a tea bowl and saucer, a globular teapot with arch handle, and a bowl all dated Kangxi, and plate 109 for a plate with open work border decorated in translucent enamels dated Kangxi;

• Chinese Porcelain: Periods of K’ang Hsi, Yung Chéng and Ch’ien Lung, by W.B. Honey, London 1927, plate 38a for double-wall bowl;

• La Ceramique Chinoise sous les Ts’ing, by J.P. van Goidsenhoven, Brussels 1936, plate 20, cat. 38 for a bowl;

• Illustrated Catalogue of Porcelains Decorated in Under-glaze Blue and Copper Red in the Percival David Foundation of Chinese Art, by M. Medley, London 1963, plate XVII, cat. B620-623, for bowls;

• Chinese Export Porcelain, Chine de Commande, by D.F. Lunsingh Scheurleer, 1974 London, cat. 97 for a bowl decorated in under-glaze blue with 15,5 cm in diameter from the Collection Bal, Zeeuws Museum, Middelburg, The Netherlands;

• Chinese Blue & White Porcelain, by D. Macintosh, 1977 Devon, UK, p. 59, cat. 41 for a pair of bowls Wanli mark and period decorated in under-glaze blue with 8,8 cm in diameter;

• The Wrestling Boys Exhibition held at the Burghley House, 1983, catalogue by G. Lang, p. 77, cat. 197 for a pair of double wall tea bowls;

• The Burghley Porcelains, an Exhibition catalogue from the Burghley House Collection and based on the 1688 Inventory and 1690 Devonshire Schedule, Japan Society New York 1986, pp. 84/85, cat. 7 for a 1650 dated silver gilt mounted small bowl with reticulated walls;

• The Hatcher Porcelain Cargoes, The Complete Record (1643/46-1752), by C. Sheaf and R. Kilburn, Oxford 1988, p. 44, fig. 53 for a bowl from the 1643/46 wreck;

• Percival David Foundation of Chinese Art, by R.E. Scott, 1989 London, p. 82, cat. 74, for a bowl with 8,8 cm in diameter decorated in under-glaze blue;

• Pronken Met Oosters Porselein, catalogue by S. Hartog, 1990 Gemeentemuseum Arnhem, The Netherlands, p. 53, cat. 27 for a bowl with 11,6 cm in diameter with heavier under-glaze blue decoration; p. 102, cat. 113 for a globular teapot; p. 124, cat. 148 for an undecorated round bowl with 9,3 cm in diameter with the Chenghua mark but second quarter 17th century;

• Porzellan aus China und Japan, die Porzellangalerie der Landgrafen von Hessen-Kassel, 1990 catalogue for Staatliche Kunstsammlungen Kassel, p. 300/301, cat. 63a-d for two double-body vases with covers and two beakers 26,5 & 20,7 cm high, dated 17th/18th century;

• Ceramic Evolution in the Middle Ming Period, by R. Scott and R. Kerr, Exhibition at the Percival David Foundation of Chinese Art and Victoria and Albert Museum, London 1994/5, p. 36, cat 74 for a pair of bowls;

• A Tale of Three Cities: Canton, Shanghai & Hong Kong, by D.S. Howard, 1997 London, p. 66, cat. 65 for a smaller silver gilt mounted bowl;

• Precious Cargo, Scots and the China Trade, 1997 Edinburgh, catalogue by S. Leiper, p. 32 for a globular double wall teapot;

• Chinese Ceramics in the Collection of the Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam, by C.J.A. Jörg, London 1997,

p. 82, cat. 71 for two bowls one undecorated;

• Chinese Ceramics in the Bauer Collection, by J. Ayers, 1999 Geneve, vol. I, p. 176, cat. 112 for an undecorated round bowl dated early 17th century;

• Ming Ceramics in the British Museum, by J. Harrison-Hall, London 2001, p. 369, cat. 12:41 to 44 for two pairs of bowls;

• Jan Menze van Diepen, A selection from the Collection of Oriental Ceramics, by C.J.A. Jörg, 2002 Groningen, p. 99, cat. 64 for a globular teapot and p. 100, cat. 65 for a tea bowl and saucer;

• L’Odyssée de la Porcelaine Chinoise, exhibition catalogue, Paris 2003, p. 132, cat. 68 for a linglong narghileh bottle at the Musée nationale Adrien Dubouché, Limoges, France;

• The Glory of Barroque, Dresden, The State Art Collections, 2005 exhibition catalogue in Mississippi,

p. 183, cat. 5.1A and 5.1B for an arch handled teapot and a tea bowl and saucer dated 1700/1720;

• Seventeenth Century Jingdezhen Porcelain from the Shanghai Museum and the Butler Collection, by Sir M. Butler and Prof. Wang Qingzheng, 2006 Shanghai, pp. 84/85, cat. 10 for a pair of undecorated bowls with 8,5 cm in diameter from the Shanghai Museum;

• Ming, Porcelain for a Globalised Trade, by E. Ströber, Stuttgart 2013, p. 222, cat. 118/119 for two hexagonal bowls;

• 100 Years of Chinese Export Porcelain, by A. Varela Santos, 2014/2015, cat. 5 for a tea bowl and saucer and a beaker and saucer;

• Qing Export Porcelain, by A. Varela Santos, 2015/2016, cat. 7 for two tea bowls and saucers;

• Yuan to Qing Porcelain, by A. Varela Santos, 2016/2017, cat. 16 for a bowl with 14 cm in diameter;

• Chinese and Japanese Works of Art in the Collection of Her Majesty the Queen, by J. Ayers, 2016 London, vol. 1, p. 169 for three double wall cups dated 1650-1680.

中國外銷瓷青花玲瓏茶壺，帶八角形圓角蓋子，四器足呈如意形，設四處方形網狀開光面板，器身帶菱纹、螺紋和冰裂紋，約1770年，清乾隆，長17cm，6¾英寸；高14厘米，5½英寸。

◆ 這種茶具在17世紀末到達歐洲時，就被稱為「魔鬼的作品」，因為歐洲人不知道如何製造這種精緻而又堅固的玲瓏器物。當時，歐洲人不知道如何製作硬質瓷。

這個茶壺有四個雙體面，外加一個蓋子。據編者所知，此器物是乾隆在位時期生產的極少數帶有玲瓏器壁的作品之一。

玲瓏器物可追溯至康熙初年。由於製造成本高昂，在17至18世紀之交漸漸消失。

玲瓏器物可追溯至康熙初年。由於製造成本高昂，在17至18世紀之交漸漸消失。

參考文獻：

• 紐約Frick收藏嘉慶朝（1522-1566）青花八邊形矮足盌一隻，每邊都帶鏤雕開光，飾以池中鴛鴦 戲水圖，口徑13釐米，5英吋。此盌是Childs Frick為了紀念Francis Dixon Frick而特別定制的， 庫存號1965.8.60;

• 紐約Frick收藏青花玲瓏雙壁帶蓋茶壺，器型渾圓呈蜂窩形，此壺是Childs Frick為了紀念Francis Dixon Frick而特別定制的， 庫存號1965.8.65；

•《Henry Thompson爵士收藏青花瓷著錄》，1878年倫敦出版，參見圖版18編號306鏤雕八邊形茶盌 一件；

•《東方陶瓷藝術》，作者S.W. Bushell，1896年紐約出版，1980年再版，參見第189頁圖248一件較 小近器和第268頁圖322一件白釉小盌；

•《中國陶瓷》，作者R.L. Hobson，1915年紐約及倫敦出版，參見圖版78圖2 Hippisley收藏相似 盌一件；

•《中國瓷器》，作者E. Zimmermann，1923年萊比錫出版，參見圖版84年代為康熙的茶盌及 托盤一件，帶把茶壺一件和盌一隻，圖版109年代同為康熙，施透明釉帶鏤雕口沿的盤子一件；

•《康熙，雍正和乾隆三朝中國瓷器》，作者W.B. Honey，1927年倫敦出版，參見圖版38a雙層盌一件；

•《清代中國陶瓷》，作者J.P. van Goidsenhoven，1936年布魯塞爾出版，參見圖版20編號38盌一隻；

•《大維德中國藝術基金會藏青花釉里紅瓷器圖錄》，作者M Medley，1963年倫敦出版，參見圖版 17編號B620-623之近器；

•《中國外銷瓷器，特別訂制》，作者D.F. Lunsingh Scheurleer，1974年倫敦出版，參見編號97 尼德蘭米德爾堡博物館Bal收藏青花盌一件，口徑為15.5 釐米；

•《中國青花瓷》，作者D. Macintosh，1977年英國德文郡出版，參見第59頁編號41萬曆朝青 花盌一件，萬曆款，口徑為8.8釐米；

•《伯利莊園the Wrestling Boys展覽》，1983年，圖錄編者G. Lang，參見第77頁編號197一對雙 層茶盌；

•《伯利瓷器，據1688年庫存和1690年德文郡日程所編伯利莊園收藏展覽目錄》，1986年紐約日本協會出版，參見84-85頁編號7年代為1650年的鍍銀鑲邊鏤雕小盌；

•《Hatcher號瓷器全編（1643/46-1752）》，作者C. Sheaf及R. Kilburn，1988年牛津出版，參見第44 頁編號53一件於1643-46年打撈的盌一件；

•《大維德中國藝術基金會》，作者R.E. Scott，1989年倫敦出版，參見第82頁編號74口徑為8.8釐米 的青花盌一件;

•《彩繪瓷器》，目錄作者S. Hartog，1990年尼德蘭阿納姆的博物館，參見第53頁編號27口徑為 11.6釐米，釉色濃重的青花盌一件；第102頁編號113茶壺一把；第124頁編號148一件書成化款但作於17世紀後半葉，口徑為9.3釐米無紋飾的盌；

•《黑森-卡塞爾領伯國藏中國及日本瓷器》，1990年德國卡塞爾州立藝術品收藏目錄，300-301頁編 號63a-d兩件帶蓋雙聯瓶和兩件觚形瓶，高度分別為26.5釐米和20.7釐米，年代為17/18世紀；

•《明中期陶瓷的進化》，作者R. Scott和R. Kerr，1994-1995年倫敦大維德中國藝術基金會及維多利 亞和阿爾伯特博物館展覽，參見第36頁編號74一對盌；

•《三城記：廣東，上海和香港》，作者D.S. Howard，1997年倫敦出版，參見第66頁編號65一件較 小的鑲鍍銀盌；

•《珍寶號，中國和蘇格蘭貿易》，1997年愛丁堡出版，目錄作者S. Leiper，參見第32頁一把器型渾 圓的雙層茶壺；

•《阿姆斯特丹國家博物館藏中國陶瓷》，作者C.J.A. Jörg，1997年倫敦出版，參見第82頁編號71盌兩 件，其中一件無紋飾；

•《鮑爾藏中國陶瓷》，作者J. Ayers，1999年日內瓦出版，參見卷一，第176頁編號112年代為17世紀 初的無紋飾盌一件；

•《大英博物館藏明代陶瓷》，作者J. Harrison-Hall，2001年倫敦出版，參見第369頁編號12:41兩 對盌；

•《Jan Menze van Diepen，東方陶瓷選粹》，作者C.J.A. Jörg，2002年格羅寧根出版，參見第99頁編 號64一把圓茶壺和第100頁編號65一把茶壺及托盤；

•《巴洛克的光芒，德累斯頓市州立藝術收藏》，2005年密西西比展覽圖錄，參見第183頁編號5.1A和5.1B年代為1700-1720的彎把茶壺一把和茶盌及托盤一件；

•《上海博物館和Butler收藏17世紀景德鎮瓷器》，作者M. Butler爵士和汪慶正教授，2006年上海 出版， 參見84-85頁編號10上海博物館藏一對口徑為8.5釐米無紋飾盌一對；

•《中國瓷器中的奧德賽》，展覽目錄，2003年巴黎出版，參見第132頁編號68法國利摩日的博物館藏玲瓏透雕水煙瓶一件；

•《明，全球貿易瓷》，作者E. Ströber，2013年斯圖加特出版，參見第222頁編號118-119兩件六邊 形盌；

•《百年中國外銷瓷》，作者阿.瓦瑞拉.桑托斯，2014/2015年目錄，參見編號5茶盌及托盤一件和大口杯及托盤一件；

•《清代外銷瓷》，作者阿.瓦瑞拉.桑托斯，2015-2016年目錄，參見編號7兩件茶盌及托盤；

•《元代至清代瓷器》，作者阿.瓦瑞拉.桑托斯，2016-2017年目錄，參見編號16一件口徑為14釐米 的盌。

◆ 17世紀末，當這些茶具運到歐洲時，它們被稱為“魔鬼的作品”，因為歐洲人不明白中國人如何能夠燒造出如此精美堅固，內層還帶有繪畫的雙層茶壺。當時的歐洲人尚不能製作硬土瓷器。